How ecosystem change?

What  happens when people abandon a city? Nature takes over. Example: From farmland to forest.

• Abandoned  farm : the pionner species take place things like grass, insects, adn crabgrass.
• Second a third year: tall weeds, small mammals like mice and rabbits, insects, and eatin-birds seed and insect form a pionner community.
• Four to six years: more birds are join to the community, pine trees, small mammals like opossums adn skunks.
• Twenty-five yars later: a pine forest has replaced the old farm field. Seeds of a decidious trees such as maple, hickory, larger animal like raccons and foxes.
• One hundread years later: the forest is now mostly decidious trees. This trees are the habits of many animals like birds and small mammals like squirrels. Deers, raccons, and foxes also live in the forest.

The gradual replacement of one coummunity bu another is called ecological succesion. The ecological succesion can begin in two different kinds of places. It can begin where community already exists. Ecological succesion in a place where  a community alraedy exist is called secondary succesion. The ecological succesion can also happen where thre few, if any, living things. This is called primary succesion.

Surviving in Ecosystems

All the animals need to adapt to their ecosysytems, so here  you will see s about their ecosystems:
Anything that controls the growth or survival of a population is called a limiting factor. Some limitings factors are nonliving: sunlight, wind, water, and tempreture. How livingyhings survivr in harsh enviroment? First is adaptation are the characteristict that  haelp an organism survive in its enviroment. The organism interact in different ways, this is called symbiosis is the nature relarionship between two kinds of organism that last over a period of time. They are the Mutualism, Parasitism, and Commensalism:

• Mutualism: is the ralationship between two organism that both are benefits, example: yucca trees and yucca moths depend on each other for survival, each  helps the other reproduce.
• Parasitism: a ralationship in which one kind of organism lives on or in the another organism and may harm that organism. The organism that live on or in other organisms are called parasites. Example: dog and the flea.

• Commensalism: the ralationship where organism  benefits from another without harming or helping. Example: orchids benefit from their position on the trunks of trees.

SCIENCE DEBATE

In the 5 grade A and B is a debate about the question: are the Panamenias taking care of the enviroment? They are two teams AGREE (I'm agree) and DESAGREE. I AGREE because her in Panam are about 14 national park that take care of our country example:

• Altos de Campana National park.
• Baru Volacano National park
• Chagres National park
• Metrapolitan National park
• Soberania National Park
• Portobelo National park

SO all this is goin to be talk in class. The others you can also answer this questions. GO GREEN!!!!!

Summary #4: Cycles of life

Examples of cycle important in the planet:

• Water cycle: the continuous movement  of water between Earth's  surface and the air, changing from liquid to as to liquid. Here in the water cycle alsso we find the freezing and melting point You can start in any place in tis case I gonna start in  evaporation-can be salty and fresh water: salty= beach, ocean etc. they evaporate more fast. 1. evaporation: liquid to gas, heat is absorb. 2.condesation: gas to liquid 3. precipitation can be. snow, rain, hail,sleet  3. freezing: liquid to solid  the heat is released. 4. melting: solid to liquid the heat is absorb.Also happen the runoff and transpiration that when the plants released the water that they have (they evaporate)
• Carbon cycle: the continuous transfer of carbon between the atmosphere and living things. Here you see the oxygen and carbon dioxide in the case of the plants they take the CO2 and produce O2. A car exhaust produce CO2 that is sometime very bad in our enviroment, death decay storage  produce CO2 animal and photosynthisis produce oxygen.
• Nitrogen cycle: the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to plants and back to the atmosphere and directly into plants again, they start with the descomposition of animals or plants then came the ammonia, the bacteria, nitrites go to the plants, the plants absorb the nitrites also some animals then the denitrifying bacteria the go to the atmosphere (the air) and start again.

Summary #3: Food chains and food webs

The food chain is the path of energy in food from one organism to another. And the food webs are overpalling food chains in a community. In this are the carnivore ( meat eater ) herbivore ( plant eater ) omnivore ( meat and plant eater ). In this ccle are the predetors and the pray in the case of the meat eater.


1.In the food chain, they always start with the Sun then it passes the energy to the producer can be ( grass, trees, and those things, plants ) then came the consumer an  insect as an example, then came another consumer example and frog, another consumer example a snake, then came another consumer example an eagle the this animal descomposed.


2.In the food webs is differen because, as an example the rabbit eat grass but the mice also can eat also insect, the the frog eat grasshopper but it can eat other insect, so this means that dont only one have an especific food some can eat the same but they are differebt animals that eat it.


Some animals have the ability to be camuflage to dont be a easy prey like the iguana when it is smal they camuflage with the leaves and when they became bigger they camuflage with the trees so imagine in the forest you must dont see any animal but remeber hey are camuflage.
In my conclusion I think that this is important to us because people also is include in this so we need to know so we need to know a little of all. REMEMBER GO GREEN!

Summary #2: Living things and their Evironment

The ecosystem that is all the living things and nonliving things in an area interacting whit each other, is divided in two: biotic factor and abiotic factor.

1. In the biotic factor we have all the living things example. animals ( dog, birds, lions etc. ), plants are divided in vascular and non vascular ( trees, flowers, grass etc. ), bacteria ( bioluminescent bacteria ) , fungi ( the mushrooms ), protist ( green algea, diatmos ).
2. And abiotic are the nonliving things exaple: temperature, air, minerals, rocks, water, light, weather.

If we dont take care of the animals and they enviroment we can die because for example if the frogs extiguish the insects such as the mosquitos and others can produce disease and all these happen because the fro extinguish imagin that this happen ? and DISASTER true or false? TRUE, and only ONE imagine.

In my conclusion I think that the only recommedation that I give to you is to take care of our planet and what is in it is not only people also animals, plants and all the living things ad also non living things. Remember GO GREEN !

IV Quarter: Science Summery, Energy Resource

Do you know how energy is composed ? It is composed by food+Oxygen= Energy, all this together is= transpiration. A type of energy is (an example) fossil fuels but the fossil fuels pollute so for this exist de Alternative sources of energy. This type of energy do not pollute: some examples of tis are the

• Modern waterwheels: water energy. A hidroelectric plant uses moving water to produce electricity.
• Harnessing the wind: wind energy.
• In Earth's surface: geothermal energy.
• Solar energy: solar panels.

The edum corns produce gas methane.
For example here in Panama we present the water energy in the hidrolectric for example AES, La estrella etc.
How we can conserve Energy?
1. Using the alternativesources of energy. However the plant matter and animals wastes or other remains-called biomass can be used as a renewable energu source, plant and animal  waste that might wind ups aas garbage can be processed to form fuel. Woa! In me conclusion i think that we must used this alternative sources of energy, also we dont need to use the fossil fuels because this pollute a lot so WE NEED TAKE of OUR planet. GO green!!!

Vocabulary #16

1. desalination: getting fresh water from seawater
2. water cycle: the continuous movement of water between Earth's surface and the air, changing from liquid to gas to liquid.
3. groundwater: water thet seeps into the ground into spaces between bits of rock and soil.
4. water table: the top of the water-filled spaces in the ground
5. aquifer: an underground layer of rock or soil filled with water.
6. spring: a place where groundwater seeps out of the ground.
7. well: a hole dug below the water table that water seeps into.
8. reservoir: a storage area for freshwater supplies.

Vocabulary #15

1. renewable resource: a resource that can be replaced in a short period of  time.
2. ozone layer: a layer of ozone gas in the atmosphere that screens out much of the Sun's UV rays.
3. fossil fuel: a fuel formed from the decay of ancient forms of life.
4. smog: a mixture of smoke and fog.
5. acid rain: moisture that falls to Earth after being mixed wiyh wastes from burned fossil fuels.

Vocabulary #14

1. rock: a naturally formed solid in the crust, made up of one or more minerals.
2. igneous rock: a rock formed when melted rock material cools and hardens.
3. sedimentary rock: a rock made of bits of matter joined together.
4. fossil: any remains or imprint of living things of the past.
5. metamorphic rock: a rock formed under heat and pressure from another kind pf rock.
6. humus: decayed plant or animal material in soil.
7. pollution: adding any harmful subtances to Earth's land, water, or air.
8. rock cycle: rocks changing from one form into another in a never-ending series of processes.

Vocabulary #13

1. mineral: a solid material of Earth's crust with a definite composition.
2. luster: the way light bounces off a mineral's surface.
3. streak: the color of the powder left when a mineral is rubbed against a hard, rough surface.
4. hardness: how well a mineral resist scratching.
5. cleavage: the tendecy of a mineral to break along flat surface.
6. ore: a mineral containig a useful subtance
7. gem: a mineral valueed for being rare and beatiful.
8. nonrenewable resource: a resource that cannot be repleced within a short period of time or at all.

Vocabulary #12

1. fault: a crack  in the crust, whose sides show evidence.
2. geologist: a scientist who studies the Earth
3. magma: hot, below molten rock deep Earth's surface.
4. lava: magma that reaches Earth's surface.
5. weathering: the breaking down of rocks into smaller piece.
6. erosion: the picking up and carrying away of pieces of rock.
7. deposition: the dropping off of bits of eroded rock.
8. meteorite: a chunk of rock from space that strikes a surface (such as Earth or the Moon)

Vocabulary #11

1. solar system: the Sun and th objects that are traveling.
2. planet: any of the 8 large bodies that travel around the Sun and shine by reflecting its light.
3. gravity: a force of attraction, or pull, between any object and any other objects around it.
4. inertia: the tendency of a moving object to keep movimg in a straight line.
5. lithosphere: the hard, outer layer of Earth, about 100 kilometers thick.
6. crust: the rocky surfacethat makes up the top of the litosphere.
7. resource: any material that helps support life on Earth.
8. hydrosphere: Earth's water.

Vocabulary #10

1.kinetic energy: the energy of a moving object. 2.potential energy: energy stored in an object material.
3.conduction: movement of energy from a hot object that comes into contact with a cooler object; the material remains in place.
4.convection: movement of energy by the flow of matter from place to place.
5.radiation: movement of energy in the form of wavesthat can travel through empty space.
6.wet cell battery: a battery containing liquid solution that produces the electric current.
7.dry cell battery: a battery that causes "dry chemicals" produce an electric current.

Vocabulary #9

1. physical change:  a change in size, shape, or state, without forming a new subtance.
2. chemical change: a change in matter that produces a new subtance with different properties from the original.
3. chemical reaction: a chemical change of original subtances into one or more new subtances.
4. reactant: one of the original subtances before a chemical reaction takes place.
5. product: one of the new subtances produces when a chemical reaction takes place.

Vocabulary #8

.

1. mixture: two or more parts blended together yet keeping their own properties and not turning into a new subtance.
2. solution: a mixture in which subtances are completly blended so that properties are the same throughout and the subtances stay plended.
3. suspension: a mixture of subtances that separate upon standing
4. collid: particles (or droplets) large enough to block out ight spread throughout another subtance.
5. emulsion: a liquid spread through another liquid.
6. aereosol: liquid drops or solid particles spread to gas.
7. gel: a solid spread through a gas.




8. foam: a gas spread through a liquid or solid.

Vocabulary #7

1. state of matter: any of the forms matter can exist.
2. melting point: the temperature at which a solid changes state into liquid.
3. boiling point: the temperature at which a liquid changes state into gas.

4. freezing point: the temperature at which a liquid changes state into a solid.

Vocabulary #6

1. element: a basic bulding block of matter; a pure substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler.
2. compound: a chemical combination of two or more elements into a single substance.
3. atom: the smallest unit of an element that still has properties of the smallest.
4. proton: a particle with a positive charge in the nucleus of an atom.

5. neutron: an uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom.
6. electron: a particle with a negative charge moving around the nucleus of an atom.
7. nucleus: the dense center part of an atom.

8. molecule: a group of more than one atom joined together that acts like a single particle.

Pollution

Here you go to see about and land pollution and water pollution.

• Land pollution:Is the degradation of Earth's land crust often caused by the human activities and their misuse of land resources example: the trash etc.
• Water polltion: Is the contamination of water bodies ( examples: rivers, lakes, ocean and groundwater. )

Now I go to explain this project ( in the pictures you go to see different pictures because in my neighborhood in not to much pollution one a little and the other one close of here. ) :

1. The first is here in my neighborhood one part is in the other side of the neighborhood here you see the different things that they leave a lot of construction materials when they goin to make here the houses they leave that like nothing. So now thw grass dont grow and no plants and they are like nothing.



2. The other one is in the back entrance of Brisas del Golf here you can see that the people take this place like a trash and in this place are animals like cows and those one and with this also the water can be contaminated the animals can die or transmit diseases.

In my neighborhood is agroup of kids that last year we go to the houses of our neighboors and said about what iis happening so we need help of others..... PLEASE! so we need to take care of our neighborhood and OUR planet.

Our dream neighborhood and world.

Vocabulary # 5

1.Mass: the amount of matter in an object.
2.Volume: the amount of space an objects take up.

3.Weight: (on Earth) a measureof the force of gravity between Earth and an object.

4.Density: a measure of how tightly packed matter; the amount of mass of mass contained  in a given volume.

5.Buoyancy: the upward push  om an object by the liquid (or gas) the object is placed in.

6.Conduct: allow heat or electricity to flow through readily.

7.Insulate: not alow heat or electricity to flow through readly. 

Solar System

Introduction: In this album you will see about the Solar system, the Sun is the is the Solar system star but it don’t is the biggest one in other galaxies they are massive star. Its large mass produces temperatures and densities in its core great enough to sustain nuclear fusion.

Mercury: Is the closet one in the Solar system and the smallest one, Mercury don’t have natural satellites and its and its only known geological features besides impact craters are lobed ridges or rupes, probably produced by a period of contractions early in its history. Mercury’s almost negligible atoms blasted off its surface by the Solar wind.

Venus: Is the close in size to Earth and like Earth has a thick silicate mantle around an iron and a core a substational atmosphere and evidence of internal geological activity. However, it is much drier than Earth and its atmosphere is ninety times as dense. Venus, most likely due to the greenhouse in the atmosphere. Not definitive geological activity has been detected on Venus.

Earth: Is the only one planet in the Solar system that have life until now. The largest body of water is hydrosphere, and its also the only one planet where plate tectonics has been observed. Earth atmosphere is radically differet for those of the other planets having been altered by the presence of life contain 21% free oxygen. The Earth have one natural satellite the Moon.


Mars: Is smaller than Earth and Venus. It possesses an atmosphere of mostly carbon dioxide ( CO2 ). Its red color comes from iron oxide in its soil. Mars has two natural satellites (Deimos and Phobos) captured asteroids. Its, surface peppered with vast volcanoes such as Olympus and Mons and rift valleys such as Valles Marineris.


Jupiter: Has known 63 satellites. Is the biggest one in the Solar system. Its composed by hydrogen and helium. Jupiters ‘s strong internal heat creates a number of semi permanent features in its atmosphere. The four largest Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europe, show similarities to the terrestrial planets, such as volcanism and internal heating.


Saturn: Distinguished by its extensive ring system, have several similarities of Jupiter such as its atmospheric composition and mangnetosphere. Saturn have 62 confirmed satellietes ; Show of which Titan, and Enceladus, show sings of geological activity, though they are largely made of ice. Titan is the second lightness moon in the Solar System , Is larger than Mercury and the only satellite in the Solar System with a substational atmosphere.


Uranus: At 14 Earth masses, is the lightest of the outer planets. Uniquely among of planets, its orbit the Sun on its side; its axial tilt is over ninety degrees to the ecliptic. It has much colder core than the others gas giants, and raditives very little heat into space. Uranus has 27 known satellites the latgest one being Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel, and Miranda.

Neptune: Though slightly smaller than Uranus is more massive ( equivalent to 17 Earths) and therefore more dense. It radiates more internal heat, but not as much as Jupiter and Saturn. Neptune has known 13 satellites. The largest Triton is geologically active with liquid nitrogen, Triton is the only large satellite with a retrograde. Neptune is acompained in its orbit by a number of minor planets, termed Neptune Trojans, that are in resonance with it.

Conclusion: In my conclusion a think I know more about the Solar System the planets The Sun and more this one a great topic to investigate so we must learn about the planets that are around of our planet Earth.

Vocabulary # 4

1.electromagnestism: the production of magnetism by electricity and the production of electricity by magnets.

2.electromagnetic spectrum: all wavelenght of visible and invisible light in order from short (gamma rays) to long (radio).

3.laser:a device that produces a thin stream of light of just a few close wavelenghts.

Vocabulary #3

prism: a cut piece of clear glass (or glass) with two opposites side in the shape of a triangle or other thegeometric shape.

spectrum: a band of colors produced when light goes through a prism.

primary colors: red,gree, or blue;mixing these colors can produce all the colors of the spectrum

primary pigment: magenta, cyan, yellow;material with any of these colors absorb one primary color of light ands rweflects the other two.

Vocabulary #2

1.opaque: Complety blocking light from passing through.

2.transparent: Letting all light through, so that objects on the other side can be seen clearly.

3.translucent: Letting only some light through, so that objects on  the other side appear blurry.

4.polarization: Allowing light vibrations to pass through in only one direction.

5.refraction: The bending of light rays as they pass from one substance into another.

6.convex lens: a lens that curves outward (is thicker at the middle than at edges)

7.concave lens: a lens that curves inward (is thicker at the edges than at the middle)

Vocabulary #1

1.Bioluminescence: light prosuced by a living organism.

2.Light ray: a straight-line beam of light as it travels outward from its source.

3.Law of Reflection: the angle of an incoming light ray equals the of the refected ray.

4.Concave mirror: a mirror that curves in on the shiny side.

5.Convex mirror: a mirror that curves out on the shiny side.

Science album part 3

X Rays:0.1 billion of a meter, is a form of electromagnetic radiation, x-rays have wavelenght  They are shorter in wavelenghs than UV rays are longer than gamma rays the ditection of x rays is based on various methods are photographic plates, photographic film in cassetes, and rare earth screens.Some detectors are ginger counter etc. In 1895 Thomas Edison investigated materials ability to flouresce when expose to x-rays.

Gamma rays:Is a electromagnetic radiation of high frequency (very short wavelenght) they are produced by sub-atomic particle intractions such as electron-position amilition and other. When a gamma ray passes through matter, the probality for absortion in a thin layer is proportioinal ina thin layer to the thickness of that layer.

Blu-ray:Blue- ray disc was uses a "blue" laser oparating of wavelenght of 405 nm, to read and write data. The blue violet laser´s  shorter wavelenght makes it possible to store more information on 12 cm for audio, BD  ROM player are required to support Dobly digital. 

Conclusion: In my conclusion I think that investigated this topic ´was interesting so I learn for example about how to take care for the ultraviolet light also about the infrared and this are inside of the electromagnetic spectrum